TUFS Association of Global Studies 2020/21 1st Conference
Date
March 14, 2021 (Sun)
Place
The conference will be held online by ZOOM.
Program
March 14, PM 1：00～5：00
Session1 Linguistics Moderator：Associate Prof. Kensaku Mamiya (Faculty of Global Studies)
- Presentation 1：Yuan Shu (Graduate School) (13：00～13：40)
“The Disagreement Phenomenon in Japanese Oral Discourse Analysis: A Literature Review and Future Research Directions” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Ikuko Ijuin (Institute of Japan Studies) - Presentation 2：Gao Tian (Graduate School) (13：50～14：30)
“Grammatical characteristics and semantics of "noda" sentences (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Futoshi Kawamura” (Institute of Japan Studies) - Presentation 3：Kaho Okawara (Graduate School) (14：40～15：20)
“Grammatical Number of Nouns in the Francoproven?al Area -Analysis Using the Atlas linguistique de la France- ” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Associate Prof. Hisae Akihiro (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 4：Yumeko Kawamoto (Graduate School) (15：30～16：10)
“Act of Apology and Linguistic Politeness: A Case Study of Apologies in Polish Language” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Go Hikita (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 5：Shinji Yamamoto (Faculty of Global Studies) (16：20～17：00)
“The Italian partitive clitic ne and its unaccusativity: a look at the history of syntactic studies in Japan” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Shigenobu Kawakami (Faculty of Global Studies)
Session 2 Language Education Moderator：Prof. Toru Aoyama（Faculty of Global Studies）
- Presentation 1：Kumiko Moriya (Graduate School) (13：00～13：40)
“A Design of Activity in Learning Environment of Japanese Language Teaching Training Program through Internet For Undergraduate Students Not Specializing in Japanese Language Teaching” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Lin Chunchen (Institute of Japan Studies) - Presentation 2：Onchoysakul Srikanlaya (Graduate School) (13：50～14：30)
“Toward Syntactic and Lexical Features for Automated Scoring of Non-constructed Spoken Production by Thai (KKU) Learners of English” (in English) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Asako Yoshitomi (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 3：Wiastiningsih （Graduate School）(14：40～15：20)
“Translation Methods related to Japanese culture into Indonesian in Kawabata Yasunari's Yukiguni” (in English) Abstract
Discussant: Lecture Ariane Macalinga Borlongan (World Language and Society Education Centre) - Presentation 4：Mohamed Fathy (Visiting Researcher) (15：30～16：10)
“Arabic and Foreign Language Education” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Visiting Researcher Youichi Nagato - Presentation 5：Kaori Nishihata (World Language and Society Education Centre) (16：20～17：00)
“Graduate program interpreting practicum: The utilization of internal resources for collaborative classes” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Associate Prof. Minoru Naito (Faculty of Global Studies)
Session 3 Literature , Culture Moderator：Prof. Yoshifumi Mizuno（Faculty of Global Studies）
- Presentation 1：Aki Tanaka (Graduate School) (13：00～13：40)
“The Taoist by Khái H?ng (1944) : A fable cautioning against the cult of personality written in French Indochina during the Japanese occupation period” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Associate Prof. Kosit Tiptiempong (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 2：Kenji Nikai (Graduate School) (13：50～14：30)
“A dragon god lurking in the inland sea of the Togoku: Using the Kanso-Ryugan as a clue in Ungyoku-Waka-Sho” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Seiichi Murao (Institute of Japan Studies) - Presentation 3：Yuko Ii (Graduate School) (14：40～15：20)
“The position of Landscape Paintings in the Peredvizhniki Russian Realism Group–Based on an Analysis of Stasov’s Reviews” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Izumi Maeda (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 4：Yang Liuan (Graduate School) (15：30～16：10)
“The meaning of "Prostitutes in Manchuria" in "The Moon of Shenyang" by Tsutomu Mizukami” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Shoji Shibata (Institute of Japan Studies) - Presentation 5：Speaker：Takahiko Ishizaki (Visiting Researcher) (16：20～17：00)
“A study on Tenjiku-Jinjya Shrine and Konron-jin” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Yuriko Yoshida (Faculty of Global Studies)
Session 4 History, Social Science Moderator：Prof. Shinichi Takeuchi（Faculty of Global Studies）
- Presentation 1：Hiroyuki Tsukada (Graduate School) (13：00～13：40)
“America’s Hundred Years’ Wars: Intra and Inter Imperial Conflicts during the Transition from the Early Modern Era to the Modern Era” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Lecture Yukako Otori (World Language and Society Education Centre) - Presentation 2：Teeba M. Abdulati (Graduate School) (13：50～14：30)
“Food insecurities: The impact of UN sanctions on Iraq’s food system” (in English) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Jun Matsukuma (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 3：Enkhbayar Solongo (Graduate School) (14：40～15：20)
“Equal opportunity of Education during Covid-19 in Mongolia” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Associate Professor Miho Kato (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 4：Satoshi Kato (Graduate School) (15：30～16：10)
“Developing and Validating Adler’s courage scale including item construction and Adler’s concepts” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Hiroshi Sano (Faculty of Global Studies) - Presentation 5：Tadashi Ohtsuki (Visiting Researcher) (16：20～17：00)
“Economic Research by E. F. Penrose on the Food Situation before the War in Japan” (in Japanese) Abstract
Discussant: Prof. Masahiro Sato (Institute of Japan Studies)
March 14, 2021 (Sun) PM17：00～17：30
- General Meeting
1. The Adaptation of The AGS Regulation
2. The Appointment of Executive Board Members
3. The Activity Plan for 2021/22
4. Others
Others
Language: Japanese?English
Admission: Free
Those who wish to participate this conference are expected to register by March 7, 2021. Please click the link and register: https://forms.gle/2vC8ocdKdk7sVNNo6
Contact Address
Email:ags.tufs@gmail.com
Conference Abstract
Session 1 Linguistics
Yuan Shu (Graduate School) “The Disagreement Phenomenon in Japanese Oral Discourse Analysis: A Literature Review and Future Research Directions”
This presentation concentrates on the disagreement phenomenon in Japanese oral discourse analysis. Japanese oral discourse analysis about disagreements shows a process of develop-ment with time, in which in the beginning the research target is limited to discourses in native situations, and then more multicultural discourses are included. To review more details, firstly, different definitions and scales of the disagreement phenomenon, mentioned in previous studies, are summarized within a conceptual framework. Secondly, current empirical findings and issues are discussed from the aspects of “research targets” “properties of data and proce-dure” and “methods”. Finally, about future research directions, the presenter suggests that (1) take the positive effects of disagreements into account, (2) look into the whole process of discourses including disagreements, especially how those discourses terminate, (3) focus on the process of mutual-understanding constituted by native speakers and nonnative speakers, from a perspective of participant and beyond the native-nonnative dichotomy.
Gao Tian (Graduate School) “Grammatical characteristics and semantics of "noda" sentences”
According to The?Society?of?Japanese?Grammar (2014), "noda" sentences are a type of topic-explanation construction in the form of "~ ha ~ da," and their core function is to express the "circumstances behind a certain matter". Although the semantics of "noda" sentences have been clarified to a great extent, the grammatical characteristics in different usages of "noda" and the connection between grammatical characteristics and semantics still need to be researched.
This paper aims at researching the grammatical characteristics of "noda" sentences through a corpus, and then identifies four grammatical items: subject, sentence type, conjunction, and combination with other modality forms. The author will further review the extent and scope of conventional "explanatory theory" in its application, and re-examine the semantics of "noda" sentences.
Kaho Okawara （Graduate School) “Grammatical Number of Nouns in the Francoproven?al Area - Analysis Using the Atlas linguistique de la France- ”
In this study, we used the Atlas linguistique de la France to analyze the grammatical number of nouns in the dialect spoken in the Francoproven?al area from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. This area is located mainly in the eastern France. In modern standard French, the singular form and plural form of nouns are mostly homophonic. However, according to Bouvier (2003), we could possibly assume that the system of the grammatical number of nouns in dialect differs from that of modern standard French. As of today, there are barely any studies about the system of the grammatical number of various nouns, that focus on the whole Francoproven?al area. The analysis in this study will show you many points in the Francoproven?al area where the system of the grammatical number of nouns differs from that of modern standard French.
Yumeko Kawamoto (Graduate School) “Act of Apology and Linguistic Politeness: A Case Study of Apologies in Polish Language”
Act of apology is a linguistic behavior that reflects characteristics of different linguistic so-cieties and is often undertaken in the context of contrastive research on Japanese and other languages. In my research, I take apologies in Polish language as an example and consider aspects such as the level of guilt expressed by the interlocutor, the type of apology, and the indication of linguistic politeness. By focusing on the interpersonal relations on a pragmatic level, which determines the choice of addressing forms (honorific and non-honorific), this case study presents an analysis of dialogues from three Polish TV series. The analysis demon-strates the relationship between the forms of address and expressions of apology, as well as the type of apology and the type of situation.
Shinji Yamamoto (Faculty of Global Studies) “The Italian partitive clitic ne and its unaccusativity: a look at the history of syntactic studies in Japan”
The theory of unaccusativity, dating back to the studies of Perlmutter (1978) elaborated in the context of the relational grammar, became widely known also in the Chomskinian context, thanks to the works of Burzio (1986) and Rizzi (1982), to name some of the most important. It is interesting that, although these two works focus on Italian as the titles show, many who cited them, in Japan, seemed to be interested mostly in discussing the cases in English. Obviously, Italian differs from English in some aspects, while certain phenomena such as causative verbs, transparently visible also in English, are cited very often as if they had become almost the standard flag of the theory of unaccusativity, some others lacking in this language have attracted less attention, if not completely neglected, among scholars of grammar in the sense we intend to discuss here. A look at the pages of Grande grammatica (edited and written by Renzi and others) and the other sister grammars, which are the most known sources of the description and information on the theory of inaccusativity in the Italian field, immediately makes it clear that the inaccusativity has a panorama including various aspects of Italian grammar, such as passive constructs, pronominal verbs, reflexive verbs, etc. This time we propose to observe briefly a behavior of the partitive clitic ne which would be understood better in the light of the studies on the personal pronouns of Italian and of the local languages ??that are mainly due to the scholars of the Paduan school who have been active protagonists in the history of grammar studies in the sense discussed here.
(in Italian)
“Il clitico partitivo italiano ne e l'inaccusatività: uno sguardo alla storia degli studi sintattici in Giappone”
La teoria sull’inaccusatività, risalente agli studi Perlmutter (1978) nel quadro della grammatica relazionale, si è fatto conoscere largamente nell’ambito chomschiano, grazie alle opere di Burzio (1986) e di Rizzi (1982), per citarne alcune delle più importanti. Interessante è che, benché queste due opere, come dimonstrano i titoli, si focalizzano sull’italiano, molti che le citavano, in Giappone, erano interessati di discutere per di piu’ i casi inglesi. Ovviamente l’italiano differisce in alcuni punti dall’inglese, quindi sembra che mentre certi fenomeni quali i verbi causativi, visibili in modo trasparente anche in inglese, vengono citato molto spesso come se fossero divenuti quasi lo stendardo della teoria dell’inaccusativita’, alcuni altri che mancano a questa lingua, hanno attirato meno attenzione, se non addirittura vengono del tutto trascurati, tra gli studiosi della grammatica nel senso che intendiamo discutere qui. Uno sguardo sulle pagine di Grande grammatica (curata e scritta da Renzi e altri) e le altre grammmatiche consorelle, le quali sono le fonti principali delle descrizione e informazioni sulla teoria dell’inaccusatività nell’ambito italianistico, fa capire subito che l’inaccusatività ha un panorama che comprende vari aspetti della grammatica italiana, quali costrutti passivi, verbi pronominali, verbi riflessivi, etc. Proponiamo questa volta di osservare brevemente un aspetto del clitico partitivo ne, l’ inaccusatività del quale si capisce meglio nella luce degli studi sui pronomi personali dell’italiano e delle parlate locali che si devono principalmente agli studiosi della scuola padovana che sono stati protagonisti attivi nella storia degli studi grammaticali qui discussa.
Session 2 Language Education
Kumiko Moriya (Graduate School) “A Design of Activity in Learning Environment of Japanese Language Teaching Training Program through Internet For Undergraduate Students Not Specializing in Japanese Language Teaching”
This study examines the learning environment of activity in Japanese Language Teaching Training program through qualitative analysis of interview script by one undergraduate student who is not specialized in Japanese language teaching.
The result shows that the student recognize the Japanese language teaching training activity from two perspectives of (1) communication with learners and (2) specific skills in Japanese teaching. First, the student realized learners do not share their cultural background knowledge. With her own experience of job hunting, she regarded the training as a practical chance to verbalize what she takes for granted and to communicate those who has different cultural background. Moreover, she also sees the training class as a kind of business meeting, she emphasized the importance of reminder about their meetings. Second, the student had difficulty in mastering specific skills in Japanese language teaching such as technical terms and appropriate behavior.
The results suggest the necessity of constructing a system to support students’ mastering specific skills and communication with the learners in distance environment. Furthermore, it also shows the importance of a field of reflection and interaction with other students.
Onchoysakul Srikanlaya（Graduate School）“Toward Syntactic and Lexical Features for Automated Scoring of Non-constructed Spoken Production by Thai (KKU) Learners of English”
Assessing speaking has been a challenging task, for it requires great resources. Various researchers have attempted to automate the scoring of speaking performance, to evade the issue of resources such as raters, time, and financial requirements. The automated scoring of constructed speech has been remarkably successful, but not that of non-constructed speech. This research aims at investigating the syntactic and lexical features for automatic scoring of non-constructed spoken production based on transcripts generated from ASR. The participants are Thai learners of English at Khon Kaen University. With the limited accuracy of the transcripts, syntactic and lexical features have been examined. The result shows that, only AS-unit could differentiate levels A1 to B2. Some features such as number of clauses and lexical density can do A2 to B2 due to the required speech length, and others such as prepositional phrase can only distinguish level A from B, while the majority of these are not reliable indicators.
Wiastiningsih (Graduate School) “Translation Methods related to Japanese culture into Indonesian in Kawabata Yasunari's Yukiguni”
This paper is part of my dissertation and still ongoing writing progress and will be compiled with another chapter as a whole dissertation. Translation of literary work is one of means to transfer values from a society to another society since logically, literary work and the society from which it was born is inseparable. Consequently, literary work cannot be separated from the culture of the society. Translating a literary work is transferring a new culture from the source language into the target language with its different culture. Translations of Japanese cultures analyzed in this paper are divided into two kinds of cultures, i.e. abstract cultures and concrete cultures. Analysis of abstract cultures focuses on the effect of different cultures in mentioning numbers in Japanese into Indonesian and translation related to cultural concepts that only exist in Japanese society in Kawabata Yasunari’s Yukiguni. Meanwhile, analysis of concrete cultures focuses on the translation of material things that only exist in Japanese society.
Mohamed Fathy (Visiting Researcher) “Arabic and Foreign Language Education”
The Arab-speaking world is a diglossic society, in which a combination of two varieties is used; the Standard Arabic, which is based on Classical Arabic, and the Spoken Arabic, which is thought to have been born as a variation of classical Arabic with the advent and expansion of Islam since the 7th century. Spoken Arabic is considered to be a low variant that is used not only as a spoken language but also as a written language in every aspect of daily life, while standard Arabic is the high variant that is mainly used as a written language in public institutions. Arabic, which is taught as a second language, is basically standard Arabic. However, it is not an overstatement to say that there is no one with a native speaker ability, in the common sense of the word, against which one can measure the language ability for the Standard Arabic. Native Arabic speakers learn Standard Arabic through school education, they learn the correct pronunciation, meaning, and grammar of words, as they do with any other second language. Both native and non-native speakers learn the ideal language, but when they actually use it, they don't use it in the ideal form depicted in society, but rather in a more simplified form. This study focuses on this simplified Arabic language and studies its characteristics. Furthermore, it aims to systematically describe it for use in Arabic teaching materials as a second language. In this presentation, an overview of the diglossic situation of the Arabic language and the usage of the two variants will be given. Then, a brief explanation of the learning process and the mechanism of producing standard Arabic will be made and the definition of a native speaker of Arabic will be reconsidered. Finally, some light will be shed on the simplified form of Arabic that is actually used in speaking, and its possibility of being a research subject or the language of teaching materials will be considered.
Kaori Nishihata (World Language and Society Education Centre) “Graduate program interpreting practicum: The utilization of internal resources for collabora-tive classes”
This study reports the innovations in the simultaneous interpreting practicum for the Japanese?English Interpreting and Translation Program at the Graduate School of the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
The required classes in the program include an interpreting practicum and interpreting and trans lation research. Previously, the main structure of the program was limited to lecture-style practicums with guest speakers. However, the new interpreting practicum was designed to provide students with greater opportunity to gain hands-on experience, which the supervisor felt was challenging to plan and organize. Through collaborative classes with undergraduates, introduced as a part of the new initiatives started in 2019, this study examines the effects and challenges of instructing and organizing in the new interpreting practicum.
Session 3 Literature and Culture
Aki Tanaka (Graduate School) “The Taoist by Khái H?ng (1944) : A fable cautioning against the cult of personality written in French Indochina during the Japanese occupation period”
Published about nine months before the August Revolution in Vietnam, The Taoist is a fairy tale for children based on ancient Indian anecdote of the "Rishyasringa.” This work also incorporates elements from Wondrous Tales of L?nh Nam, a collection of ancient Vietnamese tales, as well as the Chinese Journey to the West, making it intimate to Vietnamese readers. Using these seemingly harmless fairy tales as a cover, Khái H?ng sincerely attempted to convey his message that is “warning against the cult of personality.”A nine-tailed fox, by practicing Taoism, could block the rain and create water; and used this supernatural power to forcibly impose obedience upon other animals and plants, resulting in the Taoist being deified. Published a year before George Orwell’s Animal Farm, this story is an analogous allegory of chaotic Vietnam during Khái H?ng’s time.
Kenji Nikai (Graduate School) “A dragon god lurking in the inland sea of ??the Togoku: Using the Kanso-Ryugan as a clue in Ungyoku-Waka-Sho”
Ungyoku-Waka-Sho in the medieval private collection compiled by Noso-Junso, there is Kanso-Ryugan title in Mogyu. The Sanjaku-no-tsurugi is quoted in the left note. I thought that this meaning might have been seen by Minamoto-no-Yoritomo about Kanso-Ryugan . The problem with Noso-Junso is due to the loss of Kusanagi-no-tsurugi with Antoku-Tenno submerged in the sea. The Sanjaku-no-tsurugi resonates with the loss of Kusanagi-no-tsurugi and the legend of Yoritomo's Tsurugi. The Togoku became the territory of power without a king. Yoritomo worshiped the dragon god of the Hakone and the Enoshima. In addition, he encountered the spirit of Antoku-Tenno in the Inamuragasaki shortly before his death. Antoku-Tenno became a dragon lurking in the inland sea of the Togoku. In other words, he must have felt that this Sanjaku-no-tsurugi had the royal power of Antoku-Tenno as well as the military power of Yoritomo.
Yuko Ii (Graduate School) “The position of Landscape Paintings in the Peredvizhniki Russian Realism Group–Based on an Analysis of Stasov’s Reviews”
This presentation reveals the position of landscape paintings in the exhibitions of the Peredvizh niki by analysing the reviews of their best-known critic, Vladimir Stasov.Stasov affirmed that the exhibitions of Peredvizhniki (Travelling Art Exhibitions) was the real Russian art, as they expressed the lives in Russia.
The analysis of Stasov’s reviews of landscape paintings displayed in the exhibitions of the Peredvizhniki shows, in contrast to the reviews of historical pictures, Stasov was indifferent to the content of the landscapes and focused heavily on the beauty of the scenery and painters’ skills. This tendency shows that landscape paintings were rated lower than the other genres, especially historical and peasant pictures. Although the Peredvizhniki proposed a new style of Russian art, they still maintained an academic art hierarchy.
Yang Liuan (Graduate School) “The meaning of "Prostitutes in Manchuria" in "The Moon of Shenyang" by Tsutomu Mizukami”
On the genealogy of "Description of Manchuria" in the past 20 years, Tsutomu Mizukami continues to tell a remarkable example of minority groups, in addition to "Chinese Coolie", there are also "Prostitutes in Manchuria". Because Mizukami used to be a coolie supervision trainee, it’s natural for him to pay attention to the group of "Chinese Coolie". However, the group which he consciously chooses as the “Observed” is "Prostitutes in Manchuria". In the records of the history that had been seen so far, the men of colonists in Manchuria are often used in the literature about "Manchuria", while there is not much focus on "Brides to the Continent"(war bride) constantly. What's more, there has an inclination that "Prostitutes in Manchuria" are erased from either history or writing. The focal point of "Prostitutes in Manchuria" in "The Moon of Shenyang", is not only the continuation of Mizukami's "Story of Prostitutes" in the early 1960s, but also reflects the change of his writing consciousness from "Male" to "Female". Three representative works of Tsutomu Mizukami, named "Temple of Wild Geese", "The Pavilion of the Evening Mist at Gobancho" and "Bamboo Doll of Echizen" all take prostitutes as heroines.
Takahiko Ishizaki (Visiting Researcher) “A study on Tenjiku-Jinjya Shrine and Konron-jin”
This paper is a study on the Tenjiku-Jinjya Shrine, which is located in Nishio city in Aichi prefecture, and the tradition of Konron-jin. Tenjiku-Jinjya is a shrine in which Konron-jin is enshrined. He drifted ashore in 799, bringing along a cotton seed. In Mensosai, which is conducted annually, people carry out cotton beating with traditional tools. Although the record of Konron-jin was written in Nihonkoki, it differs by times and contexts in which Konron is real. The deity of Tenjiku-Jinja is Konron-jin, not Tenjiku-jin. Thus, the question remains why the shrine was named Tenjiku-Jinja? Tenjiku had been a part of Sangoku-sekaikan, three countries world views with Japan and China for the Japanese. A possible reason is that people shared a certain common understanding about Tenjiku why the shrine of Konron-jin was named Tenjiku-Jinja. This paper aims to understand the international recognition of Japanese people by verifying the example of Tenjiku-Jinja.
Session 4 History and Social Science
Hiroyuki Tsukada (Graduate School) “America’s Hundred Years’ Wars: Intra and Inter Imperial Conflicts during the Transition from the Early Modern Era to the Modern Era”
Recent studies on European history have examined distinct characteristics of the Early Modern Period during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era. Especially in constitutional studies, historians have elucidated the composite nature of the Early Modern states. These studies can be applicable to the American continents, into which European em-pires expanded at that time. North America was a series of indigenous territories until the 15th century, but saw the establishment of European colonies from the 16th to 18th century. In the 19th century, the European powers (especially the United States) gained hegemony and founded more integrated and bordered nations. This presentation has been named “America’s Hundred Years’ Wars,” referring to the several intra- and inter- imperial wars from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century. The presentation especially discusses the conflicts that the Iroquois Empire confronted.
Teeba M. Abdulati (Graduate School) “Food insecurities: The impact of UN sanctions on Iraq’s food system”
While the recent uprisings and conflicts in the Arab region have caused quite the stir in the academic field and occupied many scholars, this paper will revisit over a decade of Iraq under the UN sanctions. The consequences of a near-total embargo may have caused long-lasting effects. One of which could be the impact on Iraq’s food system. In order to examine that, I first take a brief look at different sanction regimes and what causes the Iraqi case to be different and make it the perfect case to study. Compare the agricultural production and trade [food system] during the 1960s to the late 1980s in Iraq to the above-mentioned decade and identify the pattern changes in the food system.
This is an attempt in assessing the role of external political forces on Iraq’s food system and macroeconomics, by revisiting a period with scarce and limited research about the impact of sanctions on causing food insecurities. Since Iraq’s prospect nowadays lacks the probability to recover, the complicity of UN sanctions, paralleled by military aggression in causing food shortages and insecurities requires serious contemplation of the foggy area it has created, for future reference, and it will also encourage future examination of the issue, through laying the foundation for further research.
Enkhbayar Solongo (Graduate School) “Equal opportunity of Education during Covid-19 in Mongolia”
This article discusses issues of equality and equity of educational opportunity in Mongolia. It aims to analyze previous reports, surveys and clarify the current status of education during the Covid-19 crisis. Issues surrounding education in Mongolia include differences between private and public schools, lack of teaching methods, contents and classrooms, educational disparities due to the quality of education. Recent education debates have also pointed out that Covid-19 has accelerated unequal educational opportunities. At present, some students cannot attend classes because of a lack of access to TV or the Internet. Some of the students cannot take the classes and because the number of children and overlaps with study time schedule. It may lead to huge social gaps due to geographical factors, home environment and economic backgrounds. As a result, there is concern educational gaps that will adversely affect issues of children’s declining academic achievement and ability.
Satoshi Kato (Graduate School) “Developing and Validating Adler’s courage scale including item construction and Adler’s concepts”
The purpose of this study is to create a new scale of Adler’s courage which still remains ambiguous today and to validate its validity and reliability by using statistical measures.
Adler was a first psychologist who focused on the utility of courage, but he has not mentioned its detail and only a limited number of previous studies have attempted to elaborate on Adler’s concept of courage. Therefore, Kato (2020) interpreted Adler’s courage by sorting the pursuit of self-improvement (Striving for Superiority to self) as an individual axis and concern for others (Social Interest) as social axis.
Based on this design, 24 items were made and a survey was conducted on university students in Japan with the approval of the ethics committee. Then, factor analysis was conducted to understand Adler’s courage by conceptualizing it quantitatively.
Tadashi Ohtsuki (Visiting Researcher) “Economic Research by E. F. Penrose on the Food Situation before the War in Japan”
This study addresses the economic research conducted by Ernest Francis Penrose (1895-1984) in Nagoya, Japan, from 1925 to 1930. Having been interested in the problem of a population explosion in Japan from his days at Cambridge, he came to Japan as a lecturer at Nagoya Higher Commercial School, presently known as the School of Economics, Nagoya University. Penrose began creating the first indices in Japanese history of the physical volume of food production, the significance of which was just recognized in the world after the First World War. Hitherto, a small number of studies have noted the existence of this index in the history of the development of economics in Japan. This study sheds light on Penrose’s critical remarks and perspectives on the Japanese society shortly before the war.